Kolerapandemien i 1899–1923

Koleraepidemien i 1899–1923, eller den sjette koleraepidemien, var et større utbrudd av kolera som begynte i India, der den tok livet av mer enn 800.000 mennesker, som så spredte seg til Midtøsten, Nord-Afrika, Øst-Europa og Russland.^[1]

Beskrivelse rediger

Ifølge Leonard Rogers ble utbruddet spredt med hjemvendede hinduistiske pilegrimer som hadde vært på kumbh mela-valfarten til Haridwar. Den nådde Europa via Punjab, Afghanistan, Persia, og det sørlige Russland.^[2]^[3]

Koleraen kom også til Nord-Amerika og ble der det siste større utbruddet av kolera. Det skjedde i 1910–1911 da dampskipet «Moltke» førte med seg smittede til New York City fra Napoli. Helsevesenet isolerte de smittede på Swinburne Island, bygd på 1800-tallet som en karanteneanstalt. Elleve mennesker døde, av dem også en helsearbeider som hadde sitt virke der.^[4]^[5]^[6]

Sykdommen rammet videre på det europeisk/asiatiske kontinent, og gjorde seg sterkt gjeldende under første verdenskrig og i noen tid etterpå.^{[trenger referanse]}

Referanser rediger

^ «Cholera's seven pandemics». Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. 2. desember 2008. Besøkt 3. januar 2019. «At the turn of the century, the sixth pandemic killed more than 800,000 in India before moving into the Middle East, northern Africa, Russia and parts of Europe. By 1923, cholera had receded from most of the world, although many cases were still present in India.»
^ R. Dasgupta. «Time Trends of Cholera in India : An Overview» (PDF). INFLIBNET. Besøkt 13. desember 2015.
^ Rogers, L. (1926). The Conditions Influencing the Incidence and Spread of Cholera in India. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine, 19(Sect Epidemiol State Med), 59–93.
^ The Boston Medical and Surgical Journal. Massachusetts Medical Society. 1911. «In New York, up to July 22, there were eleven deaths from cholera, one of the victims being an employee at the hospital on Swinburne Island, who had been discharged. The tenth was a lad, seventeen years of age, who had been a steerage passenger on the steamship, Moltke. The plan has been adopted of taking cultures from the intestinal tracts of all persons held under observation at Quarantine, and in this way it was discovered that five of the 500 passengers of the Moltke and Perugia, although in excellent health at the time, were harboring cholera microbes.»
^ «Cholera Kills Boy. All Other Suspected Cases Now in Quarantine and Show No Alarming Symptoms.» (PDF). New York Times. 18. juli 1911. Besøkt 28. juli 2008. «The sixth death from cholera since the arrival in this port from Naples of the steamship Moltke, thirteen days ago, occurred yesterday at Swinburne Island. The victim was Francesco Farando, 14 years old.»
^ «More Cholera in Port». Washington Post. 10. oktober 1910. Arkivert fra originalen 16. desember 2008. Besøkt 11. desember 2008. «A case of cholera developed today in the steerage of the Hamburg-American liner Moltke, which has been detained at quarantine as a possible cholera carrier since Monday last. Dr. A.H. Doty, health officer of the port, reported the case tonight with the additional information that another cholera patient from the Moltke is under treatment at Swinburne Island.»

[1] «Cholera's seven pandemics». Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. 2. desember 2008. Besøkt 3. januar 2019. «At the turn of the century, the sixth pandemic killed more than 800,000 in India before moving into the Middle East, northern Africa, Russia and parts of Europe. By 1923, cholera had receded from most of the world, although many cases were still present in India.»

[RD_time_trends-2] R. Dasgupta. «Time Trends of Cholera in India : An Overview» (PDF). INFLIBNET. Besøkt 13. desember 2015.

[3] Rogers, L. (1926). The Conditions Influencing the Incidence and Spread of Cholera in India. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine, 19(Sect Epidemiol State Med), 59–93.

[4] The Boston Medical and Surgical Journal. Massachusetts Medical Society. 1911. «In New York, up to July 22, there were eleven deaths from cholera, one of the victims being an employee at the hospital on Swinburne Island, who had been discharged. The tenth was a lad, seventeen years of age, who had been a steerage passenger on the steamship, Moltke. The plan has been adopted of taking cultures from the intestinal tracts of all persons held under observation at Quarantine, and in this way it was discovered that five of the 500 passengers of the Moltke and Perugia, although in excellent health at the time, were harboring cholera microbes.»

[moltke1-5] «Cholera Kills Boy. All Other Suspected Cases Now in Quarantine and Show No Alarming Symptoms.» (PDF). New York Times. 18. juli 1911. Besøkt 28. juli 2008. «The sixth death from cholera since the arrival in this port from Naples of the steamship Moltke, thirteen days ago, occurred yesterday at Swinburne Island. The victim was Francesco Farando, 14 years old.»

[moltke2-6] «More Cholera in Port». Washington Post. 10. oktober 1910. Arkivert fra originalen 16. desember 2008. Besøkt 11. desember 2008. «A case of cholera developed today in the steerage of the Hamburg-American liner Moltke, which has been detained at quarantine as a possible cholera carrier since Monday last. Dr. A.H. Doty, health officer of the port, reported the case tonight with the additional information that another cholera patient from the Moltke is under treatment at Swinburne Island.»

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